Lipid imaging by gold cluster time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry: application to Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Imaging with time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) has expanded very rapidly with the development of gold cluster ion sources (Au(3+)). It is now possible to acquire ion density maps (ion images) on a tissue section without any treatment and with a lateral resolution of few micrometers. In this article, we have taken advantage of this technique to study the degeneration/regeneration process in muscles of a Duchenne muscular dystrophy model mouse. Specific distribution of different lipid classes (fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, tocopherol, coenzyme Q9, and cholesterol) allows us to distinguish three different regions on a mouse leg section: one is destroyed, another is degenerating (oxidative stress and deregulation of the phosphoinositol cycle), and the last one is stable. TOF-SIMS imaging shows the ability to localize directly on a tissue section a great number of lipid compounds that reflect the state of the cellular metabolism.