GSSI, a general model for solute-solvent interactions. 1. Description of the model.

A novel, semiempirical approach for the general treatment of solute-solvent interactions (GSSI) was developed to enable the prediction of solution-phase properties (e.g., free energies of desolvation, partition coefficients, and membrane permeabilities). The GSSI approach is based on the principle that all solution-phase processes can be modeled in terms of one or more gas-to-solution transfer processes. The free energy of each gas-to-solution transfer process is calculated as the sum of the free energy of cavity formation and the free energy of solute-solvent interaction. The solute's contributions to these free energies are modeled on the basis of various quantities computed from the solute's three-dimensional (3D) structure, whereas the solvent's contributions are modeled by empirically determined regression coefficients. More specifically, the free energy of cavity formation is modeled on the basis of the total solvent-accessible surface area of the solute. The enthalpy of solute-solvent interaction is modeled on the basis of intermolecular interaction potentials calculated at many uniformly distributed points on the solvent-accessible surface of the solute. The entropy of solute-solvent interaction is modeled on the basis of an effective number of rotatable bonds in the solute and by the regression coefficients characteristic of the solvent. The potential utility of the GSSI approach was demonstrated by modeling the free energy of gas-to-solution transfer for 111 solutes in water, 250 solutes in hexadecane, and 84 solutes in octanol.