Design and application of an oligonucleotide microarray for the investigation of compost microbial communities.

A microarray consisting of oligonucleotide probes targeting variable regions of the 16S rRNA gene was designed and tested for the investigation of microbial communities in compost. Probes were designed for microorganisms that have been previously reported in the composting process and for plant, animal and human pathogens. The oligonucleotide probes were between 17 and 25 bp in length and included mostly species-specific sequences. Validation of probe specificity and optimization of hybridization conditions were conducted using fluorescently labeled 16S rRNA gene PCR products of pure culture strains. A labeling method employing a Cy3 or Cy5-labeled forward primer together with a phosphate-conjugated reverse primer for the production of single stranded DNA after a digestion step was optimised and used to label target DNA. A combination of two different DNA extraction methods using both physical and chemical lysis was found to give the best DNA yields. Increased hybridization signal intensities were obtained for probes modified with a 12 mer T-spacer. The microarray was found to have a detection limit of 10(3) cells, although in compost spiking experiments, the detection limit was reduced to 10(5) cells. The application of the microarray to compost samples indicated the presence of Streptococcus, Acinetobacter lwoffii, and Clostridium tetani in various compost samples. The presence of A. lwoffii in those compost samples was confirmed by PCR using primers specific for the organism. The aim of this study was to develop a molecular tool that would allow screening for the presence or absence of different microorganisms within compost samples.