Nitroxyl (HNO): chemistry, biochemistry, and pharmacology.

Recent discoveries of novel and potentially important biological activity have spurred interest in the chemistry and biochemistry of nitroxyl (HNO). It has become clear that, among all the nitrogen oxides, HNO is unique in its chemistry and biology. Currently, the intimate chemical details of the biological actions of HNO are not well understood. Moreover, many of the previously accepted chemical properties of HNO have been recently revised, thus requiring reevaluation of possible mechanisms of biological action. Herein, we review these developments in HNO chemistry and biology.