Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for cardiac disease: no longer a mistaken diagnosis.

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has become a valuable adjunct in caring for infants and children with heart disease. Since the initial reports of ECMO support for cardiac failure in children, the number of centers providing cardiac support and the number of cases of cardiac ECMO have steadily increased. The International Registry for Extracorporeal Life Support Organization has reported survival statistics for cardiac cases in neonates, children, and adults ranging from 33% to 43%. These numbers are similar to the survival from recent reports by Morris (39%) and Chaturvedi (49%). Survival is influenced by ability to be weaned from bypass in the operating room and by residual structural disease and multi-organ system failure but not by cardiac arrest and single ventricle physiology. To improve results in the future, we need to focus on better predicting the need for support and avoiding multi-organ system failure before initiating ECMO. Rapid deployment of ECMO may further improve results for patients who deteriorate suddenly in the intensive care unit.