Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV--an overview.

With the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic showing a shift towards women and young people, the increasing seroprevalence among women will result in an increase in the mother-to-child transmission of HIV. The vast majority of HIV-positive children worldwide acquire the infection through vertical transmission. The discovery of successful interventions that interrupt this transmission has been one of the greatest successes in AIDS research. The transmission of HIV from an infected mother to her child can be reduced to less than 2 peer cent by intensive interventions in the antenatal, intranatal and postnatal periods. To achieve this low rate, primary prevention of HIV infection in parents-to-be, early identification of seropositivity in pregnant women, prevention of unwanted pregnancies, prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV by appropriate antiretroviral therapy, special interventions in maternal management during labour, appropriate care and follow up of the newborn, all play an important role. However, these approaches are not always possible in developing countries wherein currently 95 per cent of vertical transmission occurs. Several questions and challenges remain. These include choice, availability, affordability, duration, long-term safety of optimal antiretroviral agents to be used during pregnancy and early neonatal life and the issue of transmission via breastfeeds in situations where alternatives to breastfeeding are not available. The challenge is to find the most cost-effective and feasible intervention to achieve zero per cent transmission of HIV from an infected mother to her child.