BACKGROUND: Despite potential antiinflammatory properties, the use of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors (coxibs) in patients with cardiovascular diseases has been questioned because of a possibly increased thrombotic risk. Tissue factor (TF), a key protein for initiation of coagulation, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and thrombosis. Hence, we examined the effect of different coxibs on TF expression. METHODS AND RESULTS: Celecoxib (10(-5) mol/L), but not rofecoxib (10(-7) to 10(-5) mol/L) or the experimental coxib NS-398 (10(-7) to 10(-5) mol/L), decreased tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced TF expression and activity in human aortic endothelial cells. Celecoxib (10(-5) mol/L) reduced activation of c-jun terminal NH2 kinase (JNK), whereas it did not affect p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase or p44/42 MAP kinase; in contrast, JNK activation was not affected by rofecoxib (10(-5) mol/L) or NS-398 (10(-5) mol/L). TF expression was reduced in a concentration-dependent manner by pretreatment with SP600125 (10(-7) to 10(-6) mol/L), a specific inhibitor of JNK, which confirms that JNK regulates tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced TF expression. CONCLUSIONS: Celecoxib reduced TF expression and activity in human aortic endothelial cells. Because neither rofecoxib nor the experimental coxib NS-398 affected TF expression, this effect occurs independently of COX-2 inhibition; it is rather mediated through inhibition of JNK phosphorylation. These data indicate a distinct heterogeneity within this class of drugs, which may be clinically relevant, especially for patients with atherosclerotic vascular diseases.
BACKGROUND: Despite potential antiinflammatory properties, the use of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors (coxibs) in patients with cardiovascular diseases has been questioned because of a possibly increased thrombotic risk. Tissue factor (TF), a key protein for initiation of coagulation, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and thrombosis. Hence, we examined the effect of different coxibs on TF expression. METHODS AND RESULTS:Celecoxib (10(-5) mol/L), but not rofecoxib (10(-7) to 10(-5) mol/L) or the experimental coxib NS-398 (10(-7) to 10(-5) mol/L), decreased tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced TF expression and activity in human aortic endothelial cells. Celecoxib (10(-5) mol/L) reduced activation of c-jun terminal NH2 kinase (JNK), whereas it did not affect p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase or p44/42 MAP kinase; in contrast, JNK activation was not affected by rofecoxib (10(-5) mol/L) or NS-398 (10(-5) mol/L). TF expression was reduced in a concentration-dependent manner by pretreatment with SP600125 (10(-7) to 10(-6) mol/L), a specific inhibitor of JNK, which confirms that JNK regulates tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced TF expression. CONCLUSIONS:Celecoxib reduced TF expression and activity in human aortic endothelial cells. Because neither rofecoxib nor the experimental coxib NS-398 affected TF expression, this effect occurs independently of COX-2 inhibition; it is rather mediated through inhibition of JNK phosphorylation. These data indicate a distinct heterogeneity within this class of drugs, which may be clinically relevant, especially for patients with atherosclerotic vascular diseases.