Examining the therapeutic utility of restraints and seclusion with children and youth: the role of theory and research in practice.

Restraining and secluding children living in residential facilities, though controversial, are commonly practiced by staff to manage disruptive behavior. In an effort to address some of the ongoing issues about the practice, this article examined the reasons for their use, their theoretical underpinnings, and extant empirical evidence in support of the theories. It is suggested that the current array of theories be updated and comprehensive research programs be encouraged to assess their clinical utility with various populations in a variety of settings.