Impact of standardization on clinical cell analysis by flow cytometry.

The evolution of flow cytometry from a research tool to a pivotal technology for clinical diagnostic purposes has required significant efforts to standardize methods. The great advantage of flow cytometry is that it's applications are highly amenable to standardization. Here, we review the efforts that have been made for flow cytometric applications in four major fields of clinical cell analysis: CD4+ T-cell enumeration, CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell enumeration, screening for the HLA-B27 antigen and leukemia/lymphoma immunophenotyping. These standardization efforts have been parallelled by the establishment of external quality assessment (EQA) schemes in many countries worldwide. The goal of these EQA exercises has been primarily educa-tional, but their results will increasingly serve as a basis for laboratory accreditation. This important development requires that the EQA schemes, in particular the quality of the distributed samples and the procedures for evaluating the results, meet the highest standards.