Advances in pasture plant breeding for animal productivity and health.

Plant breeding has had a substantial effect on the productivity and health of ruminant animals in New Zealand by improving the quantity, quality and reliability of grazed temperate pastures. Genetic changes have affected annual pasture productivity, seasonal growth, digestibility, protein/energy balance, level of rumen undegradable protein, leaf properties affecting intake, resistance to foliar diseases, and reductions in compounds that have an adverse impact on the health, welfare and reproductive fertility of ruminant animals. Most plant improvement programmes have achieved genetic gains in excess of 1% per year for a variety of target traits, and these gains are likely to continue given the high genetic variation available within forage plants. Significant heritable variation exists to improve forage quality, particularly for soluble carbohydrate and fibre fractions in grasses, and in the rate at which these change during the season. Deleterious animal health and welfare effects can be alleviated through the use of non-toxic endophytes in grasses, that do not produce lolitrem B and ergovaline. Use of improved cultivars, with the appropriate management, can add value to animal products.