Biodegradability, DBP formation, and membrane fouling potential of natural organic matter: characterization and controllability.

Various natural organic matter (NOM) constituents were evaluated in terms of their biodegradability, disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation potentials, and membrane fouling. The biodegradability of NOM was evaluated with respect to biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) and its inhibition control. NOM was divided into (i) colloidal and noncolloidal NOM, using a dialysis membrane with a molecular weight cutoff of 3500 Da and (ii) hydrophobic, transphilic, and hydrophilic NOM constituents, using XAD-8/4 resins. The colloidal, and noncolloidal hydrophilic, NOM were identified as being more problematic than the other components, exhibiting relatively higher biodegradability and reactivity toward DBP formation potential. A higher biodegradability especially can provide a high risk of membrane biofouling, if a membrane is fouled by highly biodegradable NOM. Colloidal, and noncolloidal hydrophilic, NOM constituents were also shown as major foulants of negatively charged membranes due to their high neutral fractions. Filter adsorber (F/A) types of activated carbons were evaluated in terms of removals of NOM, DBP formation potential, and BDOC and were compared to conventional processes and a nanofiltration membrane. The F/A process exhibited a comparatively good efficiency, especially in DBP and BDOC control, but was not so good at removing NOM. This suggests that F/A could potentially be combined with a membrane process to minimize the DBP formation potential and bio-/organic-fouling (i.e., F/A process as a pretreatment for a membrane process).