Seclusion & restraint: a historical perspective.

(1) The use of restraints in the care of psychiatric patients has been a topic of ethical controversy since the beginning of psychiatric medicine. (2) Enlightenment physicians regarded psychiatric illness as the loss of reason, and many advocated the use of restraints to help violent patients regain the use of reason. (3) John Conolly, a British alienist (a term used for psychiatrists) of the mid 1800s, claimed it was possible to treat psychiatric patients without the use of mechanical restraints, but he made liberal use of seclusion and physical restraint by attendants to manage violent behavior. (4) American alienists expressed misgivings about the use of mechanical and chemical restraint but most were reluctant to relinquish any usable intervention.