Mental disorders and drug abuse in persons living with HIV/AIDS.

This article reviews the literature on the prevalence of mental and substance use disorders among persons living with HIV/AIDS. Drug use, both injection and non-injection, substantially increases the risk for HIV infection. While injection drug users have the highest prevalence rates for HIV, substantially elevated rates of HIV infection are also present among crack cocaine users and individuals with substance use disorders generally. Persons with HIV/AIDS and a mental and/or substance use disorder have highly variable patterns of accessing services. Persons with HIV/AIDS who have a serious mental illness are more highly involved with services than other groups. Most individuals with co-occurring disorders report some involvement with outpatient primary medical care, although ancillary services such as mental health and substance abuse treatment, transportation assistance, and case management improve involvement in medical care. Women with HIV/AIDS and co-occurring mental and substance use disorders experience unique vulnerabilities, particularly those related to exposure to traumatic events. Given the complexity of needs with which triply or multiply diagnosed individuals present, effective treatment programmes are likely to be those that provide some degree of integrated care.