Upregulation of beta-adrenergic receptors in heart failure due to volume overload.

To examine the mechanisms of changes in beta-adrenergic signal transduction in heart failing due to volume overload, we studied the status of beta-adrenoceptors (beta-ARs), G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK), and beta-arrestin in heart failure due to aortocaval shunt (AVS). Heart failure in rats was induced by creating AVS for 16 wk, and beta-AR binding, GRK activity, as well as their protein content, and mRNA levels were determined in both left and right ventricles. The density and protein content for beta1-ARs, unlike those for beta2-ARs, were increased in the failing hearts. Furthermore, protein contents for GRK isoforms and beta-arrestin-1 were decreased in membranous fractions and increased in cytosolic fractions from the failing hearts. On the other hand, steady-state mRNA levels for beta1-ARs and GRK2, as well as protein content for Gbetagamma-subunits, did not change in the failing heart. Basal cardiac function was depressed; however, both in vivo and ex vivo positive inotropic responses of the failing hearts to isoproterenol were augmented. Treatment of AVS animals with imidapril (1 mg.kg(-1).day(-1)) or losartan (20 mg.kg(-1).day(-1)) retarded the progression of heart failure; partially prevented changes in beta1-ARs, GRKs, and beta-arrestin-1 in the failing myocardium; and attenuated the increase in positive inotropic effect of isoproterenol. These results indicate that upregulation of beta1-ARs is associated with subcellular redistribution of GRKs and beta-arrestin-1 in the failing heart due to volume overload. Furthermore, attenuation of alterations in beta-adrenergic system by imidapril or losartan may be due to blockade of the renin-angiotensin system in the AVS model of heart failure.