BACKGROUND: The anxiety disorders exhibit high levels of lifetime comorbidity with one another. Understanding the underlying causes of this comorbidity can provide insight into the etiology of the disorders and inform classification and treatment. OBJECTIVE: To explain anxiety disorder comorbidity by examining the structure of the underlying genetic and environmental risk factors. DESIGN: Lifetime diagnoses for 6 anxiety disorders (generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia, social phobia, animal phobia, and situational phobia) were obtained during personal interviews from a population-based twin registry. Multivariate structural equation modeling that allowed for sex differences was performed. SETTING: General community sample. PARTICIPANTS: More than 5000 members of male-male and female-female twin pairs from the Virginia Adult Twin Study of Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Parameter estimates for best-fitting model. RESULTS: The full model, which contained 2 common genetic, shared environmental, and unique environmental factors plus disorder-specific factors, could be constrained to equality across male and female study participants. In the best-fitting model, the genetic influences on anxiety were best explained by 2 additive genetic factors common across the disorders. The first loaded most strongly in generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and agoraphobia, whereas the second loaded primarily in the 2 specific phobias. Social phobia was intermediate in that it was influenced by both genetic factors. A small role for shared environmental influences was observed owing to a single common factor that accounted for less than 12% of the total variance for any disorder. Unique environmental influences could be explained by a single common factor plus disorder-specific effects. CONCLUSIONS: The underlying structure of the genetic and environmental risk factors for the anxiety disorders is similar between men and women. Genes predispose to 2 broad groups of disorders dichotomized as panic-generalized-agoraphobic anxiety vs the specific phobias. The remaining associations between the disorders are largely explained by a unique environmental factor shared across the disorders and, to a lesser extent, a common shared environmental factor.
BACKGROUND: The anxiety disorders exhibit high levels of lifetime comorbidity with one another. Understanding the underlying causes of this comorbidity can provide insight into the etiology of the disorders and inform classification and treatment. OBJECTIVE: To explain anxiety disorder comorbidity by examining the structure of the underlying genetic and environmental risk factors. DESIGN: Lifetime diagnoses for 6 anxiety disorders (generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia, social phobia, animal phobia, and situational phobia) were obtained during personal interviews from a population-based twin registry. Multivariate structural equation modeling that allowed for sex differences was performed. SETTING: General community sample. PARTICIPANTS: More than 5000 members of male-male and female-female twin pairs from the Virginia Adult Twin Study of Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Parameter estimates for best-fitting model. RESULTS: The full model, which contained 2 common genetic, shared environmental, and unique environmental factors plus disorder-specific factors, could be constrained to equality across male and female study participants. In the best-fitting model, the genetic influences on anxiety were best explained by 2 additive genetic factors common across the disorders. The first loaded most strongly in generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and agoraphobia, whereas the second loaded primarily in the 2 specific phobias. Social phobia was intermediate in that it was influenced by both genetic factors. A small role for shared environmental influences was observed owing to a single common factor that accounted for less than 12% of the total variance for any disorder. Unique environmental influences could be explained by a single common factor plus disorder-specific effects. CONCLUSIONS: The underlying structure of the genetic and environmental risk factors for the anxiety disorders is similar between men and women. Genes predispose to 2 broad groups of disorders dichotomized as panic-generalized-agoraphobic anxiety vs the specific phobias. The remaining associations between the disorders are largely explained by a unique environmental factor shared across the disorders and, to a lesser extent, a common shared environmental factor.
Authors: Katie A McLaughlin; Anne M Gadermann; Irving Hwang; Nancy A Sampson; Ali Al-Hamzawi; Laura Helena Andrade; Matthias C Angermeyer; Corina Benjet; Evelyn J Bromet; Ronny Bruffaerts; José Miguel Caldas-de-Almeida; Giovanni de Girolamo; Ron de Graaf; Silvia Florescu; Oye Gureje; Josep Maria Haro; Hristo Ruskov Hinkov; Itsuko Horiguchi; Chiyi Hu; Aimee Nasser Karam; Viviane Kovess-Masfety; Sing Lee; Samuel D Murphy; S Haque Nizamie; José Posada-Villa; David R Williams; Ronald C Kessler Journal: Br J Psychiatry Date: 2012-03-08 Impact factor: 9.319
Authors: Abby J Fyer; Ramiro Costa; Fatemeh Haghighi; Mark W Logue; James A Knowles; Myrna M Weissman; Susan E Hodge; Steven P Hamilton Journal: Psychiatr Genet Date: 2012-06 Impact factor: 2.458
Authors: A S Howe; H N Buttenschøn; A Bani-Fatemi; E Maron; T Otowa; A Erhardt; E B Binder; N O Gregersen; O Mors; D P Woldbye; K Domschke; A Reif; J Shlik; S Kõks; Y Kawamura; A Miyashita; R Kuwano; K Tokunaga; H Tanii; J W Smoller; T Sasaki; D Koszycki; V De Luca Journal: Mol Psychiatry Date: 2015-09-22 Impact factor: 15.992
Authors: Kevin P Jensen; Henry R Kranzler; Murray B Stein; Joel Gelernter Journal: Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet Date: 2014-01-16 Impact factor: 3.568
Authors: Chelsea Sawyers; Thomas Ollendick; Melissa A Brotman; Daniel S Pine; Ellen Leibenluft; Dever M Carney; Roxann Roberson-Nay; John M Hettema Journal: Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet Date: 2019-02-01 Impact factor: 3.568