BACKGROUND: In this study, we investigated the influence of brain death on inflammatory response and the effects of brain death on liver function both directly after explantation and after reoxygenation. METHODS: The influence of brain death on liver function was studied in rats using a brain death model and the liver slice model to mimic reoxygenation. Liver function was assessed by measuring the ATP content and the ATP-driven urea synthesis. The activation of non-parenchymal cells was studied by measuring mRNA levels of IL-10, cytokine production (IL-10 and IL-1 beta) and inducible nitric oxide synthases (iNOS) upregulation (mRNA) and protein level. RESULTS: Brain death had no direct influence on the ATP content of the liver. However, it led to induction of several cytokines because of activation of non-parenchymal cells, which led to upregulation of iNOS and to nitric oxide metabolites production. It is known that cytokine production may influence the drug metabolism capacity; however, no influence of brain death on drug metabolism was observed. An explanation may be the relatively short experimental period. CONCLUSIONS: Kupffer cells seem to be activated during the onset of brain death induction; however, they become quiescent when liver slices of brain dead rats were reoxygenated during incubation. Other non-parenchymal cells, possibly the endothelial cells, remain activated during incubation and reoxygenation in slices from brain death donors but not in slices from control livers. Future experiments in our rat liver transplantation model need to elucidate the implications of these findings.
BACKGROUND: In this study, we investigated the influence of brain death on inflammatory response and the effects of brain death on liver function both directly after explantation and after reoxygenation. METHODS: The influence of brain death on liver function was studied in rats using a brain death model and the liver slice model to mimic reoxygenation. Liver function was assessed by measuring the ATP content and the ATP-driven urea synthesis. The activation of non-parenchymal cells was studied by measuring mRNA levels of IL-10, cytokine production (IL-10 and IL-1 beta) and inducible nitric oxide synthases (iNOS) upregulation (mRNA) and protein level. RESULTS:Brain death had no direct influence on the ATP content of the liver. However, it led to induction of several cytokines because of activation of non-parenchymal cells, which led to upregulation of iNOS and to nitric oxide metabolites production. It is known that cytokine production may influence the drug metabolism capacity; however, no influence of brain death on drug metabolism was observed. An explanation may be the relatively short experimental period. CONCLUSIONS: Kupffer cells seem to be activated during the onset of brain death induction; however, they become quiescent when liver slices of brain dead rats were reoxygenated during incubation. Other non-parenchymal cells, possibly the endothelial cells, remain activated during incubation and reoxygenation in slices from brain death donors but not in slices from control livers. Future experiments in our rat liver transplantation model need to elucidate the implications of these findings.
Authors: Inge A M de Graaf; Peter Olinga; Marina H de Jager; Marjolijn T Merema; Ruben de Kanter; Esther G van de Kerkhof; Geny M M Groothuis Journal: Nat Protoc Date: 2010-08-19 Impact factor: 13.491
Authors: Verner Eerola; Ilkka Helanterä; Fredrik Åberg; Marko Lempinen; Heikki Mäkisalo; Arno Nordin; Helena Isoniemi; Ville Sallinen Journal: Transpl Int Date: 2022-08-31 Impact factor: 3.842
Authors: Mitchell B Sally; Darren J Malinoski; Frank P Zaldivar; Tony Le; Matin Khoshnevis; William A Pinette; Michael Hutchens; Shlomit Radom-Aizik Journal: J Clin Transl Sci Date: 2018-10-30