Management of neck and head injuries.

The horse, a flight animal that is used extensively by man, frequently receives injuries to its neck or head that result mostly from its management and handling. Better facilities, training of the horse, and horsemanship skills of the handler could prevent many of these injuries. Because many body systems can be involved, with potentially major consequences regarding health, performance, and appearance, early recognition of trauma and competent treatment are crucial. Progress has been made in the treatment of some tracheal and esophageal injuries. Severe tracheal trauma and rupture of the esophagus still represent major challenges for the attending veterinarian, however. Lacerations of the head generally heal well, likely because of an abundant blood supply. Thorough yet conservative debridement is necessary, as is accurate reconstruction of the tissues to maintain normal function and an acceptable cosmetic appearance. Fractures of the facial bones can result in complications, such as sequestrum formation, sinusitis, nasolacrimal duct injury,facial deformity, and injury to or entrapment of the globe. An awareness of the treatment methods available can help to diminish the complication rate and to restore a normal or acceptable appearance.