[Malariatherapy in Italy. A historical account of therapeutic inoculation of malaria parasites in Italian psychiatric clinics].

For more than thirty years, from the early Twenties to the late Fifties, the inoculation of malaria parasites was the therapeutic treatment preferred by Western psychiatrists and neurologists for several clinical forms of tertiary syphilis, especially general paresis. During those decades, tens of thousands of people, mainly paretics but also schizophrenic patients, were intentionally infected with the human malaria parasites. In this paper we present the result of a bibliographic survey of the practice of malariatherapy in Italy. We analyzed the seven main Italian neurology and psychiatry journal from 1920 to the 1960. Moreover, we collected malariological bibliography concerning malariatherapy, and all the books on malariatherapy and chapter on this topic contained in any neurology and psychiatry textbooks published in Italy during the same period. We found 91 papers in the psychiatry journals. Most of these papers were concentrated between 1926 and the end of the Thirties; the main subject consisted of clinical-statistical information, but several papers concerned serological or anatomical alteration associated to the evolution of the disease and the therapy, and the mechanisms of action. Most articles discussed the criteria for defining recovery from general paresis obtained through malariatherapy. This historical and bibliographic review shows that malariatheapy was immediately accepted among Italian psychiatrists because of the strong relationship with Austrian and German psychiatric culture. The spread of the treatment was concentrated in the North and Center of Italy, and was administrated mainly in public psychiatric hospitals and university neurological clinics. Malariatherapy is a very interesting and fascinating subject the history of the interdisciplinary aspects related to the use of malariatherapy in psychiatry and malariology makes. This subject a unique probe for exploring in a very concrete way the evolution of several important and still topical clinical, biological and ethical issues of XXth century medicine.