Structural properties of arrestin studied by chemical modification and circular dichroism.

A unique conformation of arrestin is crucial for its interaction with phosphorylated photolyzed rhodopsin. Conformational changes in arrestin were investigated using chemical modification and circular dichroism. We studied the kinetics of sulfhydryl modification of bovine arrestin in order to determine whether its conformation is altered by the presence of ligands or salts at different ionic strengths. We found that all three cysteines (stoichiometry was 2.7 +/- 0.06 3-carboxy-4-nitrophenyl sulfide (NbS)/arrestin) are accessible for modification by NbS2. Under pseudo-first-order conditions (30-100-fold excess of NbS2 over arrestin), the modifications of the 3 cysteines are indistinguishable. At higher concentrations of NbS2 (150-300-fold excess), the pseudo-first-order plot is not linear, and the reaction can be resolved into two processes that involve two classes of sulfhydryl groups. Addition of CaCl2, MgCl2, inorganic phosphate, MgATP, or MgGTP had little effect on the rate of modification of the cysteine residues; however, heparin and inositol hexakisphosphate, which have been shown to induce conformational changes in arrestin, block modification of one sulfhydryl group of arrestin and accelerate the modification of the remaining two. Analysis of CD spectra revealed that arrestin has virtually no alpha-helical structure, about 40% beta-structure, about 18% beta-turns, and about 40% other structure. The CD spectrum for arrestin did not change in the presence of heparin. These studies suggest that arrestin exists in equilibrium between two or more conformational states. However, it is proposed that conversion between these conformations occur without altering significantly the secondary structure of arrestin.