Chemosensory conditioning in molluscs: II. A critical review.

We critically review chemosensory conditioning studies with molluscs and find that, in many studies, the influence of nonassociative processes complicates, obscures, and renders ambiguous the unique contribution of associative learning. These nonassociative processes include sensory adaptation, habituation, sensitization, and changes in feeding motivation. They arise from both the food extracts that have often been used as conditioned stimuli and the aversive stimuli that have been used as unconditioned stimuli.