Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system following cervical nerve root avulsion: the importance of early diagnosis and surgery.

Superficial siderosis (SS) of the central nervous system is an insidious, progressive, irreversible and debilitating neurological disorder caused by recurrent haemorrhage within the subarachnoid space. The subsequent deposition of haemorrhagic breakdown products in the spinal cord and nervous tissues leads to the loss of neurones and myelin, and to the development of a neurological deficit. In a small number of patients, the source of haemorrhage is related to traumatic cervical nerve root avulsion occurring several years prior to the onset of symptoms. Surgical ablation of the source has been shown to halt the progression of the disease, at least in the short term. We review the literature on SS secondary to cervical nerve root avulsion and report a further case in which surgical management was successful in halting disease progression. We emphasize that early detection and recognition of the initial non-progressive symptoms related to this poorly known disease, coupled with timely surgical management, minimizes the degree of neurological disability.