Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor R-roscovitine in the mouse.

R-roscovitine (seliciclib, CYC202) is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor currently in phase II clinical trials in patients with cancer. Here, we describe its mouse metabolism and pharmacokinetics as well as the identification of the principal metabolites in hepatic microsomes, plasma, and urine. Following microsomal incubation of R-roscovitine at 10 microg/mL (28 micromol/L) for 60 minutes, 86.7% of the parent drug was metabolized and 60% of this loss was due to formation of one particular metabolite. This was identified as the carboxylic acid resulting from oxidation of the hydroxymethyl group of the amino alcohol substituent at C2 of the purine core present in R-roscovitine. Identification was confirmed by chemical synthesis and comparison of an authentic sample of the R-roscovitine-derived carboxylate metabolite (COOH-R-roscovitine). Other minor metabolites were identified as C8-oxo-R-roscovitine and N9-desisopropyl-R-roscovitine; these accounted for 4.9% and 2.6% of the parent, respectively. The same metabolic pattern was observed in vivo, with a 4.5-fold lower AUC(infinity) for R-roscovitine (38 micromol/L/h) than for COOH-R-roscovitine (174 micromol/L/h). Excretion of R-roscovitine in the urine up to 24 hours post-dosing accounted for an average of only 0.02% of the administered dose of 50 mg/kg, whereas COOH-R-roscovitine represented 65% to 68% of the dose irrespective of the route of administration (i.v., i.p., or p.o.). A partially deuterated derivative (R-roscovitine-d9) was synthesized to investigate if formation of COOH-R-roscovitine could be inhibited by replacement of metabolically labile protons with deuterium. After 60 minutes of incubation of R-roscovitine-d9 or R-roscovitine with mouse liver microsomes, formation of COOH-R-roscovitine-d9 was decreased by approximately 24% compared with the production of COOH-R-roscovitine. In addition, the levels of R-roscovitine-d9 remaining were 33% higher than those of R-roscovitine. However, formation of several minor R-roscovitine metabolites was enhanced with R-roscovitine-d9, suggesting that metabolic switching from the major carbinol oxidation pathway had occurred. Synthetic COOH-R-roscovitine and C8-oxo-R-roscovitine were tested in functional cyclin-dependent kinase assays and shown to be less active than R-roscovitine, confirming that these metabolic reactions are deactivation pathways.