OBJECTIVE: A meta-analysis was performed to examine the association among maternal cigarette smoking, infant genotype at the Taq1 site in the transforming growth factor alpha (TGFA) locus, and risk of nonsyndromic oral clefts, both cleft palate (CP) and cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P). DESIGN: Five published case-control studies were included in the meta-analyis. Pooled Mantel-Haenszel odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed. Gene-environment interaction was also assessed by using the pooled data in a case-only analysis and polytomous logistic regression. RESULTS: Among nonsmoking mothers, there was no evidence of any increased risk for CP if the infant carried the TGFA Taq1 C2 allele. If the mother reported smoking, however, there was an overall increased risk for CP if the infant carried the C2 allele (ORsmokers = 1.95; 95% CI = 1.22 to 3.10). TGFA genotype did not increase risk to CL/P, regardless of maternal smoking status. Polytomous logistic regression revealed a significant overall smoking effect for CL/P (OR = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.33 to 2.02) and CP (OR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.06 to 1.90). CONCLUSIONS: While maternal smoking was a consistent risk factor for both CL/P and CP across all studies, the suggestive evidence for gene-environment interaction between the infant's genotype at the Taq1 marker in TGFA and maternal smoking was limited to CP. Furthermore, evidence for such gene-environment interaction was strongest in a case-control study drawn from a birth defect registry where infants with non-cleft defects served as controls.
OBJECTIVE: A meta-analysis was performed to examine the association among maternal cigarette smoking, infant genotype at the Taq1 site in the transforming growth factor alpha (TGFA) locus, and risk of nonsyndromic oral clefts, both cleft palate (CP) and cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P). DESIGN: Five published case-control studies were included in the meta-analyis. Pooled Mantel-Haenszel odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed. Gene-environment interaction was also assessed by using the pooled data in a case-only analysis and polytomous logistic regression. RESULTS: Among nonsmoking mothers, there was no evidence of any increased risk for CP if the infant carried the TGFA Taq1 C2 allele. If the mother reported smoking, however, there was an overall increased risk for CP if the infant carried the C2 allele (ORsmokers = 1.95; 95% CI = 1.22 to 3.10). TGFA genotype did not increase risk to CL/P, regardless of maternal smoking status. Polytomous logistic regression revealed a significant overall smoking effect for CL/P (OR = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.33 to 2.02) and CP (OR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.06 to 1.90). CONCLUSIONS: While maternal smoking was a consistent risk factor for both CL/P and CP across all studies, the suggestive evidence for gene-environment interaction between the infant's genotype at the Taq1 marker in TGFA and maternal smoking was limited to CP. Furthermore, evidence for such gene-environment interaction was strongest in a case-control study drawn from a birth defect registry where infants with non-cleft defects served as controls.
Authors: Hong Wang; Tianxiao Zhang; Tao Wu; Jacqueline B Hetmanski; Ingo Ruczinski; Holger Schwender; Kung Yee Liang; Tanda Murray; M Daniele Fallin; Richard J Redett; Gerald V Raymond; Sheng-Chih Jin; Yah-Huei Wu Chou; Philip Kuo-Ting Chen; Vincent Yeow; Samuel S Chong; Felicia S H Cheah; Sun Ha Jee; Ethylin W Jabs; Alan F Scott; Terri H Beaty Journal: Cleft Palate Craniofac J Date: 2011-11-10
Authors: Terri H Beaty; Ingo Ruczinski; Jeffrey C Murray; Mary L Marazita; Ronald G Munger; Jacqueline B Hetmanski; Tanda Murray; Richard J Redett; M Daniele Fallin; Kung Yee Liang; Tao Wu; Poorav J Patel; Sheng-Chih Jin; Tian Xiao Zhang; Holger Schwender; Yah Huei Wu-Chou; Philip K Chen; Samuel S Chong; Felicia Cheah; Vincent Yeow; Xiaoqian Ye; Hong Wang; Shangzhi Huang; Ethylin W Jabs; Bing Shi; Allen J Wilcox; Rolv T Lie; Sun Ha Jee; Kaare Christensen; Kimberley F Doheny; Elizabeth W Pugh; Hua Ling; Alan F Scott Journal: Genet Epidemiol Date: 2011-05-26 Impact factor: 2.135
Authors: Jae Woong Sull; Kung-Yee Liang; Jacqueline B Hetmanski; Tao Wu; Margaret Daniele Fallin; Roxann G Ingersoll; Ji Wan Park; Yah-Huei Wu-Chou; Philip K Chen; Samuel S Chong; Felicia Cheah; Vincent Yeow; Beyoung Yun Park; Sun Ha Jee; Ethylin Wang Jabs; Richard Redett; Alan F Scott; Terri H Beaty Journal: Hum Genet Date: 2009-05-15 Impact factor: 4.132