Probiotics: an emerging therapy.

There is considerable clinical interest in the utility of probiotic therapy--the feeding of (live) non-pathogenic bacteria, originally derived from the alimentary tract, for disease treatment or health promotion. The microflora of the gastrointestinal tract is essential for mucosal protection, for immune education and for metabolism of fecal residue. Physiological disturbances of these processes, when they occur, result from: i) alteration of a microbial ecosystem, originally conserved by evolution; ii) reduced consumption of microorganisms; iii) invasion of pathogens; or iv) modern interventions. Recent data support the use of proven probiotic organisms in prevention and treatment of flora-related gastrointestinal disorders including inflammatory bowel disease, infectious and antibiotic related diarrheas, and post-resection disorders including pouchitis. Therapeutic activity of probiotic bacteria can be due to competition with pathogens for nutrients and mucosal adherence, production of antimicrobial substances, and modulation of mucosal immune functions. Although a promising treatment, controlled clinical trials are necessary to validate the benefit of probiotics.