Binding of 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-[4-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl]pyridinium ion (HPP+), a metabolite of haloperidol, to synthetic melanin: implications for the dopaminergic neurotoxicity of HPP+.

The toxicity of 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-[4-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl]pyridinium ion (HPP+), a metabolite of haloperidol, toward dopaminergic neurons was investigated. When HPP+ (approximately 100 microM) was added to primary cultures prepared from rat embryonic mesencephalon for 1 h, the survivability of dopaminergic neurons decreased significantly, and this effect was not inhibited by the dopamine transporter (DAT) inhibitor GBR 12909. In addition, HPP+ bound to neuromelanin, which is abundant in dopaminergic neurons. A binding analysis using the Scatchard method showed that there are two classes of binding sites: high affinity sites with a dissociation constant K(d1) of 20.2 nM, and low affinity sites with a K(d2) of 4.0 microM. HPP+ was released easily from synthetic melanin using phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), suggesting that this binding is reversible. The results suggest that the toxicity of HPP+ in dopaminergic neurons is due not to DAT-mediated uptake, but to the binding to neuromelanin.