Management of infant brachial plexus injuries.

Management of brachial plexus injuries is geared toward normalization of limb function, primarily through optimization of nerve regeneration and mechanical increase in elbow flexion and shoulder stabilization. Changes in the skeletal muscles and the osteous structures of the upper extremity are ongoing throughout the course of treatment, mandating continual assessment and aggressive rehabilitation. In patients who present too late for microsurgical intervention, irreversible changes take place in skeletal muscles, highlighting the importance of early referral. However, secondary procedures have been shown to be beneficial in older patients and in those whose primary procedures failed. Further advances in bionics and stem cell therapy may help replace the dynamic functional deficits of obstetric brachial plexus palsy.