Preservation and storage techniques for low-level aqueous mercury speciation.

Although researchers today generally employ appropriate techniques for the storage and preservation of aqueous samples for ambient-level mercury (ppb) speciation, these methods continue to be poorly documented. Numerous experiments were thus conducted to investigate the effects of acidification and bottle type on holding time for various mercury species [elemental mercury (Hg(0)), ionic mercury (Hg(II)), dimethyl mercury (DMHg), monomethyl mercury (MMHg), and dissolved-to-particulate ratio] as well as total mercury (THg). We documented that THg is stable for at least 300 days when stored at 0.4-0.5% acidity in either Teflon or glass bottles. In cases where THg is adsorbed to bottle walls, the addition of BrCl at least 24 h before analysis allowed all Hg to be quantitatively recovered. Polyethylene bottles allowed diffusion of Hg(0) through the bottle walls to or from the sample, depending on the Hg concentration of the sample and storage atmosphere. MMHg in freshwater samples can be stored refrigerated and unacidified for days to weeks with no observed degradation of MMHg. For long-term storage (at least 250 days), samples should be acidified with 0.4% HCl (v/v) and kept in the dark to avoid photodegradation (approximate t(1/2)=6 months). For saltwater samples, preservation with 0.2% (v/v) H(2)SO(4) is preferred to avoid exceeding the optimal chloride concentration if the distillation procedure is used for MMHg determination. For volatile species (Hg(0) and DMHg), samples should be collected in completely full glass bottles with Teflon-lined caps, as these species are lost rapidly (t(1/2)=10-20 h) from Teflon and polyethylene bottles. Because acids can enhance the rapid oxidation of volatile species, these samples should be stored refrigerated and unacidified and processed within 1-2 days if they cannot be purged and trapped in the field. Hg(II) and the dissolved-to-particulate ratio are more stable and can be stored for a period of days to weeks without preservation.