Michael Diaz1, Stephen G Patterson. 1. Genitourinary Oncology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Although androgen withdrawal can control prostate cancer for long periods in many patients, controversy exists regarding management when the tumor becomes androgen independent. Several options are now available. METHODS: A review of the pertinent literature of the last 20 years was conducted to provide guidance in defining and managing hormone-refractory prostate cancer. RESULTS: Stage D prostate cancer can be subclassified to correlate tumor biology with disease stage. Secondary hormone manipulations may induce responses in patients after failure of initial androgen suppression, and chemotherapy with docetaxel has prolonged survival in patients with androgen-independent prostate cancer (AIPC). The weight of evidence supports the maintenance of castrate levels of testosterone in metastatic AIPC. Bisphosphonates decrease skeletal complications. CONCLUSIONS: Secondary hormone therapy, chemotherapy, and bisphosphonate therapy may provide benefits for selected patients. Correlation of disease stage with biologic characteristics of the tumor and host facilitates proper choices of interventions. Docetaxel-based chemotherapy regimens should be considered for first-line treatment of patients with progressive metastatic AIPC.
BACKGROUND: Although androgen withdrawal can control prostate cancer for long periods in many patients, controversy exists regarding management when the tumor becomes androgen independent. Several options are now available. METHODS: A review of the pertinent literature of the last 20 years was conducted to provide guidance in defining and managing hormone-refractory prostate cancer. RESULTS: Stage D prostate cancer can be subclassified to correlate tumor biology with disease stage. Secondary hormone manipulations may induce responses in patients after failure of initial androgen suppression, and chemotherapy with docetaxel has prolonged survival in patients with androgen-independent prostate cancer (AIPC). The weight of evidence supports the maintenance of castrate levels of testosterone in metastatic AIPC. Bisphosphonates decrease skeletal complications. CONCLUSIONS: Secondary hormone therapy, chemotherapy, and bisphosphonate therapy may provide benefits for selected patients. Correlation of disease stage with biologic characteristics of the tumor and host facilitates proper choices of interventions. Docetaxel-based chemotherapy regimens should be considered for first-line treatment of patients with progressive metastatic AIPC.
Authors: Francesco Dieli; David Vermijlen; Fabio Fulfaro; Nadia Caccamo; Serena Meraviglia; Giuseppe Cicero; Andrew Roberts; Simona Buccheri; Matilde D'Asaro; Nicola Gebbia; Alfredo Salerno; Matthias Eberl; Adrian C Hayday Journal: Cancer Res Date: 2007-08-01 Impact factor: 12.701
Authors: Aaron M Horning; Yao Wang; Che-Kuang Lin; Anna D Louie; Rohit R Jadhav; Chia-Nung Hung; Chiou-Miin Wang; Chun-Lin Lin; Nameer B Kirma; Michael A Liss; Addanki P Kumar; LuZhe Sun; Zhijie Liu; Wei-Ting Chao; Qianben Wang; Victor X Jin; Chun-Liang Chen; Tim H-M Huang Journal: Cancer Res Date: 2017-12-12 Impact factor: 12.701