Thermal manipulations during broiler chick embryogenesis: effects of timing and temperature.

This study aimed at elucidating the effects of thermal manipulation (TM) during different periods of embryogenesis on hatchability, body weight, and thermoregulation of Ross chicks at hatch, and on the chick's ability to cope with thermal challenge (TC) at 3 d of age. Control embryos were incubated at 37.8 degrees C and 56% RH, whereas the TM embryos were treated for 3 h at 39.5 (1) or 41.0 degrees C (2) and 65% RH, during early embryogenesis (EE), E8 to E10, and late embryogenesis (LE) at E16 to E18. At hatch, after feather drying, BW and body temperature (Tb) were measured, blood was drawn from the jugular vein to measure plasma concentrations of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and corticosterone. These parameters were also measured in 3-d-old chicks during exposure to TC at 41 degrees C for 6 h. Hatchability was significantly higher in the LE1-treated group than in the other treatments. EE1- and LE1-treated embryos exhibited significantly lower Tb at hatch than the LE2 chicks. Significant hyperthermia was noted in the control chicks during 6 h of TC; it coincided with a higher plasma T3 concentration (P = 0.074). During TC, the LE1-treated chicks exhibited the lowest T3 to T4 ratio and a significantly reduced plasma corticosterone concentration. It can be concluded that TM at 39.5 degrees C for 3 h during E16 to E18 of incubation improved chick's thermotolerance acquisition and reduced the corticosterone level of chicks exposed to TC at the age of 3 d.