Angina pectoris: a review of current and emerging therapies.

Angina pectoris is a debilitating indication of the presence of ischemic heart disease that affects millions of Americans. Although a number of pharmacologic treatments are available, the annual number of revascularization surgeries continues to rise in the United States. Other management strategies, such as spinal cord stimulation, enhanced external counterpulsation, metabolic modulators, and gene therapy, are being explored.