Applying standard therapies to new targets: the use of ACE inhibitors and B-blockers for heart failure in adults with congenital heart disease.

Increasingly, patients and clinicians are being confronted with congestive heart failure (CHF) as a late complication of congenital heart disease. However, medical management of heart failure in this patient group represents a challenge because of complex hemodynamics and a lack of evidence from large randomized controlled trials to guide therapy. This article will review the evidence of the use angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and beta-blockers (BBs) in left heart failure, discuss the mechanisms of heart failure as they pertain to congenital heart disease and review the limited literature of the use of neurohormonal antagonists in congenital heart disease. Some recommendations for use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and beta-blockers in heart failure due various congenital heart lesions are offered. Well-designed clinical trials are urgently needed to extend the impressive reductions in morbidity and mortality achieved with neurohormonal blockade in left ventricular (LV) heart failure to adults with congenital heart disease.