Neurohormones and heart failure.

The management of several neurohormonal pathways is crucial to treating the progression of HF, in addition to improving the quality of life for patients diagnosed with HF. Stimulation of the sympathetic and retin-angiogensin-aldosterone systems begins the initial and primary neurohormonal stimulation associated with the progression of this disease. However, it is becoming increasingly evident that other systems, including the cellular immune, endothelin-NO pathway, kallikrein-kinin system, the arachidonic acid cascade, and the natriuretic peptides need to be considered by clinicians when treating HF. Once treated solely with nitrates, diuretics, and morphine, the management of HF is becoming a more complex and intricate balancing act among several interdependent neurohormonal systems. Understanding the complex nature and proper management of these systems are crucial if patients with HF are to enjoy a better quality of life and experience an improvement in their symptoms. Current recommendations for the treatment and management of HF use several medications, which affect multiple neurohormonal pathways. The Heart Failure Society of America and the American Heart Association both recommend in their recent guidelines for management of HF the use of beta-adrenergic receptor blockers (beta-blockers), loop diuretics, digitalis glycosides(digoxin), ACE-I, aldactone antagonists (spironolactone), and in selected instances, ARBs and the combination of hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate. No discussion of HF is complete without mention of the larger challenges associated with the management of HF. It is a complex syndrome that requires a multidisciplinary approach with expertise in nutrition, exercise, pharmacology, education, and the basic pathophysiology of complex neurohormonal systems. Patients with uncompensated HF are frightened, vulnerable, and require frequent medication adjustments as well as substantial time dedicated to counseling, physical assessment, and innovative educational programs for them and their families. In fact, a majority of hospital readmissions for HF occur because of patients' dietary indiscretions, medication noncompliance, or ignorance about when to call their health providers. The management of HF represents a careful balancing act between powerful neurohormonal pathways and medications but also between the basics of diet, exercise, educating both family and patient, and most importantly, caring.