Adaptation to soil pollution by cadmium excretion in natural populations of Orchesella cincta (L.) (Collembola).

Population differentiation in Orchesella cincta (L.) (Collembola) populations, from various heavy metal contaminated sites, was studied by comparing cadmium excretion efficiency in first generation (F1) laboratory individuals. Animals from sites with high metal concentrations in the litter and with a long history of contamination showed significantly higher excretion efficiencies than animals from low pollution, or reference sites. Differences found in the F1 laboratory animals suggest evidence for genetic differences between the populations. Beneficial and detrimental effects of cadmium excretion were studied in relation to body growth and cadmium concentrations. In chronically exposed animals from an unpolluted site, no physiological acclimation was observed. Excretion efficiency was negatively correlated with body concentrations of cadmium. No detrimental effects were found. Whole-body equilibrium concentrations of cadmium and lead were similar in F1 animals from the reference site and polluted sites. Significant differences in excretion efficiencies imply that the distribution of toxic metals over body compartments differs, tolerant populations having a higher proportion deposited in the gut. Body concentrations of zinc were consistently higher in animals from the polluted site, during both cadmium and zinc exposure. No detrimental effects of increased cadmium excretion on body concentrations of zinc were observed. Population comparisons of cadmium excretion efficiency data and growth reduction in F1 laboratory animals showed that both parameters were inversely related. Cadmium and lead contamination were not the sole factors determining tolerance differentiation.