BACKGROUND: The association between menopausal hormone therapy (HT) and risk of ovarian cancer is as yet equivocal, and the effect of estrogen and estrogen-progestogen therapy, specifically the effect of the cumulative hormone intake, is unclear. METHODS: We conducted a nationwide population-based case-control study in Denmark. Cases were women aged 35 to 79 years with incident ovarian cancer diagnosed between January 1, 1995, and May 30, 1999. Controls were frequency age-matched women from the Danish Central Population Register. The analyses included data on 376 cases who have not undergone hysterectomy and 1111 controls. RESULTS: The risk of ovarian cancer in relation to oral HT increased with the cumulative intake of the estrogen component of HT but not with the duration or the cumulative intake of the progestogen component when the 3 variables were mutually adjusted. A simple trend was found such that each additional gram of estrogen was associated with the same relative increase. The odds ratio was constant throughout the range of cumulative intake. After adjustment for established risk factors, the estimated odds ratio per each additional gram of cumulative estrogen was 1.056 (95% confidence interval, 1.003-1.112), corresponding to an odds ratio of 1.31 (95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.70) per 5 g of estrogen. CONCLUSIONS: Oral HT is associated with risk of ovarian cancer in women who have not undergone hysterectomy. Our results imply that the risk increases with cumulative oral estrogen intake but not with duration of HT, indicating that the increased ovarian cancer risk associated with oral HT may be diminished substantially by minimizing the daily dose of estrogen from oral HT.
BACKGROUND: The association between menopausal hormone therapy (HT) and risk of ovarian cancer is as yet equivocal, and the effect of estrogen and estrogen-progestogen therapy, specifically the effect of the cumulative hormone intake, is unclear. METHODS: We conducted a nationwide population-based case-control study in Denmark. Cases were women aged 35 to 79 years with incident ovarian cancer diagnosed between January 1, 1995, and May 30, 1999. Controls were frequency age-matched women from the Danish Central Population Register. The analyses included data on 376 cases who have not undergone hysterectomy and 1111 controls. RESULTS: The risk of ovarian cancer in relation to oral HT increased with the cumulative intake of the estrogen component of HT but not with the duration or the cumulative intake of the progestogen component when the 3 variables were mutually adjusted. A simple trend was found such that each additional gram of estrogen was associated with the same relative increase. The odds ratio was constant throughout the range of cumulative intake. After adjustment for established risk factors, the estimated odds ratio per each additional gram of cumulative estrogen was 1.056 (95% confidence interval, 1.003-1.112), corresponding to an odds ratio of 1.31 (95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.70) per 5 g of estrogen. CONCLUSIONS: Oral HT is associated with risk of ovarian cancer in women who have not undergone hysterectomy. Our results imply that the risk increases with cumulative oral estrogen intake but not with duration of HT, indicating that the increased ovarian cancer risk associated with oral HT may be diminished substantially by minimizing the daily dose of estrogen from oral HT.
Authors: Camilla Praestegaard; Allan Jensen; Signe M Jensen; Thor S S Nielsen; Penelope M Webb; Christina M Nagle; Anna DeFazio; Estrid Høgdall; Mary Anne Rossing; Jennifer A Doherty; Kristine G Wicklund; Marc T Goodman; Francesmary Modugno; Kirsten Moysich; Roberta B Ness; Robert Edwards; Keitaro Matsuo; Satoyo Hosono; Ellen L Goode; Stacey J Winham; Brooke L Fridley; Daniel W Cramer; Kathryn L Terry; Joellen M Schildkraut; Andrew Berchuck; Elisa V Bandera; Lisa E Paddock; Leon F Massuger; Nicolas Wentzensen; Paul Pharoah; Honglin Song; Alice Whittemore; Valerie McGuire; Weiva Sieh; Joseph Rothstein; Hoda Anton-Culver; Argyrios Ziogas; Usha Menon; Simon A Gayther; Susan J Ramus; Alexandra Gentry-Maharaj; Anna H Wu; Celeste L Pearce; Malcolm Pike; Alice W Lee; Rebecca Sutphen; Jenny Chang-Claude; Harvey A Risch; Susanne K Kjaer Journal: Int J Cancer Date: 2017-01-24 Impact factor: 7.396
Authors: Albina N Minlikeeva; Jo L Freudenheim; Rikki A Cannioto; J Brian Szender; Kevin H Eng; Francesmary Modugno; Roberta B Ness; Michael J LaMonte; Grace Friel; Brahm H Segal; Kunle Odunsi; Paul Mayor; Emese Zsiros; Barbara Schmalfeldt; Rüdiger Klapdor; Thilo Dӧrk; Peter Hillemanns; Linda E Kelemen; Martin Kӧbel; Helen Steed; Anna de Fazio; Susan J Jordan; Christina M Nagle; Harvey A Risch; Mary Anne Rossing; Jennifer A Doherty; Marc T Goodman; Robert Edwards; Keitaro Matsuo; Mika Mizuno; Beth Y Karlan; Susanne K Kjær; Estrid Høgdall; Allan Jensen; Joellen M Schildkraut; Kathryn L Terry; Daniel W Cramer; Elisa V Bandera; Lisa E Paddock; Lambertus A Kiemeney; Leon F Massuger; Jolanta Kupryjanczyk; Andrew Berchuck; Jenny Chang-Claude; Brenda Diergaarde; Penelope M Webb; Kirsten B Moysich Journal: Cancer Causes Control Date: 2017-03-14 Impact factor: 2.506
Authors: Rikki Cannioto; Michael J LaMonte; Harvey A Risch; Chi-Chen Hong; Lara E Sucheston-Campbell; Kevin H Eng; J Brian Szender; Jenny Chang-Claude; Barbara Schmalfeldt; Ruediger Klapdor; Emily Gower; Albina N Minlikeeva; Gary R Zirpoli; Elisa V Bandera; Andrew Berchuck; Daniel Cramer; Jennifer A Doherty; Robert P Edwards; Brooke L Fridley; Ellen L Goode; Marc T Goodman; Estrid Hogdall; Satoyo Hosono; Allan Jensen; Susan Jordan; Susanne K Kjaer; Keitaro Matsuo; Roberta B Ness; Catherine M Olsen; Sara H Olson; Celeste Leigh Pearce; Malcolm C Pike; Mary Anne Rossing; Elizabeth A Szamreta; Pamela J Thompson; Chiu-Chen Tseng; Robert A Vierkant; Penelope M Webb; Nicolas Wentzensen; Kristine G Wicklund; Stacey J Winham; Anna H Wu; Francesmary Modugno; Joellen M Schildkraut; Kathryn L Terry; Linda E Kelemen; Kirsten B Moysich Journal: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev Date: 2016-05-06 Impact factor: 4.254
Authors: Christina B Rasmussen; Susanne K Kjaer; Vanna Albieri; Elisa V Bandera; Jennifer A Doherty; Estrid Høgdall; Penelope M Webb; Susan J Jordan; Mary Anne Rossing; Kristine G Wicklund; Marc T Goodman; Francesmary Modugno; Kirsten B Moysich; Roberta B Ness; Robert P Edwards; Joellen M Schildkraut; Andrew Berchuck; Sara H Olson; Lambertus A Kiemeney; Leon F A G Massuger; Steven A Narod; Catherine M Phelan; Hoda Anton-Culver; Argyrios Ziogas; Anna H Wu; Celeste L Pearce; Harvey A Risch; Allan Jensen Journal: Am J Epidemiol Date: 2016-12-09 Impact factor: 4.897
Authors: Catherine M Olsen; Christina M Nagle; David C Whiteman; Roberta Ness; Celeste Leigh Pearce; Malcolm C Pike; Mary Anne Rossing; Kathryn L Terry; Anna H Wu; Harvey A Risch; Herbert Yu; Jennifer A Doherty; Jenny Chang-Claude; Rebecca Hein; Stefan Nickels; Shan Wang-Gohrke; Marc T Goodman; Michael E Carney; Rayna K Matsuno; Galina Lurie; Kirsten Moysich; Susanne K Kjaer; Allan Jensen; Estrid Hogdall; Ellen L Goode; Brooke L Fridley; Robert A Vierkant; Melissa C Larson; Joellen Schildkraut; Cathrine Hoyo; Patricia Moorman; Rachel P Weber; Daniel W Cramer; Allison F Vitonis; Elisa V Bandera; Sara H Olson; Lorna Rodriguez-Rodriguez; Melony King; Louise A Brinton; Hannah Yang; Montserrat Garcia-Closas; Jolanta Lissowska; Hoda Anton-Culver; Argyrios Ziogas; Simon A Gayther; Susan J Ramus; Usha Menon; Aleksandra Gentry-Maharaj; Penelope M Webb Journal: Endocr Relat Cancer Date: 2013-03-22 Impact factor: 5.678
Authors: Estrid V S Høgdall; Merete Ringsholt; Claus K Høgdall; Ib Jarle Christensen; Julia S Johansen; Susanne K Kjaer; Jan Blaakaer; Lene Ostenfeld-Møller; Paul A Price; Lise H Christensen Journal: BMC Cancer Date: 2009-01-09 Impact factor: 4.430