BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The success of bone marrow transplantation in leukemia depends on graft-versus-leukemia (GvL) effects, mediated by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cells. These act by CD95L or granule cytotoxins, such as granzyme B (GrB) whose only known inhibitor is proteinase inhibitor 9 (PI-9). Since PI-9 protects cells from CTL, PI-9 may counteract GvL in leukemias. Our aim was to establish methods to analyze the expression and function of PI-9. DESIGN AND METHODS: We screened the most common pediatric ALL subsets, i.e. pre-B, common, and cortical T-ALL, for PI-9 expression, using a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) approach which was correlated to semiquantitative and functional methods established in cell lines and patient probes. RESULTS: In vitro, PI-9 mediated resistance towards CTL and inhibited GrB-induced clevage of caspase 3. In patient-derived ALL cells, PI-9 high and PI-9 low specimens were studied by flow cytometry, RT-PCR, in vitro GrB treatment and NK assay, demonstrating concordant results and PI-9-dependent target cell protection. Analysis of PI-9 in probes from ALL patients showed differential expression, but no correlation with immunotype. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that PI-9 in pediatric ALL is differentially expressed, without close correlation to subtype. Since PI-9 considerably alters GrzB and killer cell sensitivity, it may strongly influence the efficacy of GvL effects. The approaches applied here will allow evaluation of the expression and function of PI-9 in larger series of malignancies.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The success of bone marrow transplantation in leukemia depends on graft-versus-leukemia (GvL) effects, mediated by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cells. These act by CD95L or granule cytotoxins, such as granzyme B (GrB) whose only known inhibitor is proteinase inhibitor 9 (PI-9). Since PI-9 protects cells from CTL, PI-9 may counteract GvL in leukemias. Our aim was to establish methods to analyze the expression and function of PI-9. DESIGN AND METHODS: We screened the most common pediatric ALL subsets, i.e. pre-B, common, and cortical T-ALL, for PI-9 expression, using a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) approach which was correlated to semiquantitative and functional methods established in cell lines and patient probes. RESULTS: In vitro, PI-9 mediated resistance towards CTL and inhibited GrB-induced clevage of caspase 3. In patient-derived ALL cells, PI-9 high and PI-9 low specimens were studied by flow cytometry, RT-PCR, in vitro GrB treatment and NK assay, demonstrating concordant results and PI-9-dependent target cell protection. Analysis of PI-9 in probes from ALL patients showed differential expression, but no correlation with immunotype. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that PI-9 in pediatric ALL is differentially expressed, without close correlation to subtype. Since PI-9 considerably alters GrzB and killer cell sensitivity, it may strongly influence the efficacy of GvL effects. The approaches applied here will allow evaluation of the expression and function of PI-9 in larger series of malignancies.
Authors: Matthew S Mangan; Carolina R Melo-Silva; Jennii Luu; Catherina H Bird; Aulikki Koskinen; Alexandra Rizzitelli; Monica Prakash; Katrina L Scarff; Arno Müllbacher; Matthias Regner; Phillip I Bird Journal: Immunol Cell Biol Date: 2017-08-15 Impact factor: 5.126
Authors: Matthew S J Mangan; Catherina H Bird; Dion Kaiserman; Anthony Y Matthews; Corinne Hitchen; David L Steer; Philip E Thompson; Phillip I Bird Journal: J Biol Chem Date: 2015-12-15 Impact factor: 5.157