Molecular chain orientation of DNA films induced by both the magnetic field and the interfacial effect.

DNA films showing highly homogeneous orientation of molecular chains were successfully prepared by drying a semidiluted solution in a horizontal magnetic field. Most of the molecular chain elements in the obtained film were found to be one-dimensionally oriented, as shown by X-ray diffraction, polarization microscopy, and linear dichroism spectroscopy. Because a DNA chain is theoretically expected to orientate only in divergent directions perpendicular to a magnetic field, this result suggests that the DNA chains were aligned not only by a magnetic field but also by the interfacial effect that induced the chains to fit along the air-liquid interface. The descent speed of an air-liquid interface by evaporation was faster than the estimated diffusion rate of DNA, suggesting an emergence of a concentrated layer near the surface. As proved by polarization microscopy, this emergence led to the transitional formation of a nematic-like liquid crystalline phase, which resulted in a DNA film with good chain alignment and unitary orientation. This mechanism underlying chain alignment was supported by molecular weight dependency, in which higher molecular weight DNA is more likely to evince chain alignment that exhibits a higher degree of birefringence. Low molecular weight components have such high thermal motility that it would be difficult to fit them along the air-liquid interface in the early stage of drying. For chain alignment, it was preferable to use an initial concentration of DNA lower than a critical concentration for liquid crystal formation so that the possible diffusion and assembly in a diluted solution would be essential for chain alignment. The DNA film exhibited obvious linear dichroism, indicating the potential for further applications.