Sexual biology of schistosomes.

Schistosomes are unusual, together with some of the didymozoidae, in that they are dioecious instead of being hermaphrodite. This gonochorism is accompanied with morphological, ecological, behavioural and molecular differences between the male and the female parasites all through their life cycle. This review is an overview of the sexual biology of schistosomes and aims to provide the most recent information that may help to build future control strategies against these parasites. It proposes a new view of the life cycle of schistosomes, taking into account the sexual status of each developmental stage. It presents the relevant information available on the genetic and phenotypic sexual dimorphisms of these parasites; it proposes a comparison between the host-male parasite and the host-female parasite interactions in both the molluscan intermediate and the mammalian definitive hosts; it exposes the male-female parasite interactions that exist in both the mollusc and the mammalian hosts at the parasite individual and populational levels. This review highlights the domains of research that are still unexplored but that would be of great interest for a better knowledge of the sexual way of life of the parasites which are still responsible for one of the most important human parasitic diseases in the world.