Excremental androgen metabolite concentrations and gonad sizes in temperate zone vs. tropical Stonechats (Saxicola torquata ssp.).

Many songbirds in the temperate zones have comparatively short breeding seasons and are migratory. This often implies high breeding synchrony and competition for food, space, and mates. Tropical birds, in contrast, tend to be resident and react more flexibly to a more variable onset of environmental conditions conducive for breeding. Therefore, it can be expected that androgen metabolite concentrations in breeding males vary among birds from different latitudes. Studies on tropical birds, however, have revealed inconsistent results suggesting that additional factors not directly related to latitude, modify hormone levels. Furthermore, there is a potential for a phylogenetic bias when comparing birds of different taxonomic groups. In the present study, we compared androgen metabolite concentrations among closely related taxa of hand-raised male stonechats originating from tropical and temperate-zone populations in Kenya (0 degrees latitude), Kazakhstan (52 degrees N), and Ireland (52 degrees N), which differ partly in latitude of their provenance but also in the length of their breeding season (birds from Kazakhstan vs. Ireland). Hand-raised birds were housed in their natural photoperiod under otherwise identical environmental conditions. Androgen levels were determined from excrements to reduce disturbance. All three groups demonstrated a seasonal cycle of androgen metabolite concentrations concomitant with testis growth. Peak androgen metabolite concentrations were significantly lower in Kenyan stonechats compared to Kazakh stonechats. Irish birds had intermediate concentrations. Differences between Kazakh and Kenyan stonechats correlate with latitude, but data from the Irish population suggest the involvement of factors not directly related to latitude.