Second-site suppression of a nonfunctional mutation within the Leishmania donovani inosine-guanosine transporter.

LdNT2 is a member of the equilibrative nucleoside transporter family, which possesses several conserved residues located mainly within transmembrane domains. One of these residues, Asp(389) within LdNT2, was shown previously to be critical for transporter function without affecting ligand affinity or plasma membrane targeting. To further delineate the role of Asp(389) in LdNT2 function, second-site suppressors of the ldnt2-D389N null mutation were selected in yeast deficient in purine nucleoside transport and incapable of purine biosynthesis. A library of random mutants within the ldnt2-D389N background was screened in yeast for restoration of growth on inosine. Twelve different clones were obtained, each containing secondary mutations enabling inosine transport. One mutation, N175I, occurred in four clones and conferred augmented inosine transport capability compared with LdNT2 in yeast. N175I was subsequently introduced into an ldnt2-D389N construct tagged with green fluorescent protein and transfected into a Deltaldnt1/Deltaldnt2 Leishmania donovani knockout. GFP-N175I/D389N significantly suppressed the D389N phenotype and targeted properly to the plasma membrane and flagellum. Most interestingly, N175I increased the inosine K(m) by 10-fold within the D389N background relative to wild type GFP-LdNT2. Additional substitutions introduced at Asn(175) established that only large, nonpolar amino acids suppressed the D389N phenotype, indicating that suppression by Asn(175) has a specific size and charge requirement. Because multiple suppressor mutations alleviate the constraint imparted by the D389N mutation, these data suggest that Asp(389) is a conformationally sensitive residue. To impart spatial information to the clustering of second-site mutations, a three-dimensional model was constructed based upon members of the major facilitator superfamily using threading analysis. The model indicates that Asn(175) and Asp(389) lie in close proximity and that the second-site suppressor mutations cluster to one region of the transporter.