BACKGROUND: Determination of polyisocyanates is important because they are a major contributor of exposure to the isocyanate functional group in many workplace environments and are capable of inducing sensitization and asthma. However, with multiple different measurement metrics in use, comparison of isocyanate exposure data between studies and development of occupational exposure limits (OELs) for polyisocyanates is difficult. METHODS: An analysis of existing problems in the measurement and regulation of isocyanates is presented based on the published analytical, toxicological, and regulatory literature, and the authors' own analytical data and experience with isocyanates. RESULTS: This analysis supports a need for standardization of isocyanate measurement metrics and provides a framework for the development of an OEL for polyisocyanates. CONCLUSIONS: The total isocyanate group (microg NCO/m(3)) is recommended as the most feasible and practical metric (unit) by which to express polyisocyanate exposures for research, control, and regulatory purposes. The establishment of a comprehensive isocyanate OEL that simplifies the current agent-by-agent approach and expands coverage to polyisocyanates is also recommended. Copyright 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
BACKGROUND: Determination of polyisocyanates is important because they are a major contributor of exposure to the isocyanate functional group in many workplace environments and are capable of inducing sensitization and asthma. However, with multiple different measurement metrics in use, comparison of isocyanate exposure data between studies and development of occupational exposure limits (OELs) for polyisocyanates is difficult. METHODS: An analysis of existing problems in the measurement and regulation of isocyanates is presented based on the published analytical, toxicological, and regulatory literature, and the authors' own analytical data and experience with isocyanates. RESULTS: This analysis supports a need for standardization of isocyanate measurement metrics and provides a framework for the development of an OEL for polyisocyanates. CONCLUSIONS: The total isocyanate group (microg NCO/m(3)) is recommended as the most feasible and practical metric (unit) by which to express polyisocyanate exposures for research, control, and regulatory purposes. The establishment of a comprehensive isocyanate OEL that simplifies the current agent-by-agent approach and expands coverage to polyisocyanates is also recommended. Copyright 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Authors: Carolyn Reeb-Whitaker; Stephen G Whittaker; Diana M Ceballos; Elisa C Weiland; Sheila L Flack; Kenneth W Fent; Jennifer M Thomasen; Linda G Trelles Gaines; Leena A Nylander-French Journal: J Occup Environ Hyg Date: 2012 Impact factor: 2.155
Authors: Daniel Lefkowitz; Elise Pechter; Kathleen Fitzsimmons; Margaret Lumia; Alicia C Stephens; Letitia Davis; Jennifer Flattery; Justine Weinberg; Robert J Harrison; Mary Jo Reilly; Margaret S Filios; Gretchen E White; Kenneth D Rosenman Journal: Am J Ind Med Date: 2015-09-09 Impact factor: 2.214
Authors: Anjoeka Pronk; Liesbeth Preller; Monika Raulf-Heimsoth; Irene C L Jonkers; Jan-Willem Lammers; Inge M Wouters; Gert Doekes; Adam V Wisnewski; Dick Heederik Journal: Am J Respir Crit Care Med Date: 2007-07-26 Impact factor: 21.405
Authors: Wei Gui; Adam V Wisnewski; Iulia Neamtiu; Eugen Gurzau; Judith A Sparer; Meredith H Stowe; Jian Liu; Martin D Slade; Olivia A Rusu; Carrie A Redlich Journal: Am J Ind Med Date: 2014-09-29 Impact factor: 2.214
Authors: James E Lockey; Carrie A Redlich; Robert Streicher; Andrea Pfahles-Hutchens; Pertti Bert J Hakkinen; Gary L Ellison; Philip Harber; Mark Utell; John Holland; Andrew Comai; Marc White Journal: J Occup Environ Med Date: 2015-01 Impact factor: 2.162
Authors: James Bennett; David Marlow; Fariba Nourian; James Breay; Amy Feng; Mark Methner Journal: J Occup Environ Hyg Date: 2018-03 Impact factor: 2.155
Authors: Dhimiter Bello; Christina A Herrick; Thomas J Smith; Susan R Woskie; Robert P Streicher; Mark R Cullen; Youcheng Liu; Carrie A Redlich Journal: Environ Health Perspect Date: 2006-11-28 Impact factor: 9.031