The next 5 years in cardiac pacemakers: a preview.

Advances in cardiac pacing continue at an astounding rate, and, occasionally, technologic capabilities are developed almost faster than they can be implemented clinically. The development and implementation of single- and dual-chamber rate-adaptive pacemakers have been the major thrusts in cardiac pacing in recent years. Rate-adaptive pacing will continue to be of primary interest in the future as investigators search for the perfect "sensor" and attempt to develop rate-adaptive pacemakers with multiple sensors. The "smart" pacemaker--that is, an autoprogramming, autodiagnostic device--will also be refined. The ultimate "smart" pacemaker would be capable of automatically adjusting output and sensing factors as well as altering the rate-adaptive variables and even changing the pacing mode in response to variations in the underlying rhythm. Other aspects of cardiac pacing that will be actively investigated include new low-threshold pacing lead designs, refinements of the single-lead pacing system capable of P-synchronous pacing, and diagnostic information that can be derived from sensors used for rate-adaptive pacing.