Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase as a target for small-molecule disease-modifying therapies in human neurodegenerative disorders.

Recent articles have highlighted numerous additional functions of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) that are independent of its well-documented glycolytic function. One of the most intriguing of these functions is as an initiator of programmed cell death cascades. This activity involves a nuclear appearance of GAPDH, a considerable proportion of which requires synthesis of new GAPDH protein and has characteristics suggesting the involvement of a novel isozyme. The relevance of such findings to human neurodegenerative conditions is emphasized by the increased nuclear GAPDH observed in postmortem samples from patients with Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease and glaucoma, among others. A number of small-molecule compounds have now been identified that show anti-apoptotic activity because of their ability to interact with GAPDH and prevent its nuclear accumulation. These compounds, one of which is currently being tested in late-stage Phase II clinical trials as a disease-modifying therapy for Parkinson's disease, have potential utility in the treatment of human neurodegenerative conditions.