Detection and characterization of cytoplasmic hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase.

It was recently found that the Duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) reverse transcriptase is primarily a non-encapsidated cytoplasmic molecule that is rapidly translated and has a very short half-life. Here, a non-encapsidated reverse transcriptase from the human Hepatitis B virus (HBV) was characterized. HBV polymerase accumulated in the cytoplasm in a manner similar to non-encapsidated DHBV polymerase. However, the HBV polymerase accumulated at an apparently lower concentration and had a longer half-life than the DHBV enzyme, and it displayed no evidence of the post-translational modifications observed for DHBV. Unlike the DHBV polymerase, immunofluorescence detection of the HBV polymerase in cells was suppressed by the core protein, and this suppression occurred independently of encapsidation. This implies an interaction between the polymerase and core in addition to encapsidation, but the polymerase and core did not co-immunoprecipitate, so the interaction might not be direct. These data indicate that production of cytoplasmic, non-encapsidated polymerase is conserved among the hepadnaviral genera. Furthermore, conservation of the cytoplasmic form of the polymerase suggests that it might have function(s) in virus replication or pathology beyond copying the viral genome.