Ligand-dependent activation of the farnesoid X-receptor directs arginine methylation of histone H3 by CARM1.

In this study we demonstrate that the class II nuclear hormone receptor, farnesoid X-receptor (FXR), incorporates histone methyltransferase activity within the gene locus for bile salt export pump (BSEP), a well established FXR target gene that functions as an ATP-dependent canalicular bile acid transporter. This methyltransferase activity is directed specifically to arginine 17 of histone H3. We demonstrate that FXR is directly associated with co-activator-associated arginine methyltransferase 1 (CARM1) activity. Furthermore, we show by chromatin immunoprecipitation that the ligand-dependent activation of the human BSEP locus is associated with a simultaneous increase of FXR and CARM1 occupation. The increased occupation of the BSEP locus by CARM1 also corresponds with the increased deposition of Arg-17 methylation and Lys-9 acetylation of histone H3 within the FXR DNA-binding element of BSEP. Consistent with these findings, CARM1 led to increased BSEP promoter activity with an intact FXR regulatory element, whereas CARM1 failed to transactivate the BSEP promoter with a mutated FXRE. Induction of endogenous BSEP mRNA and Arg-17 methylation by FXR regulatory element ligand, CDCA, requires CARM1 activity. Therefore, histone methylation at Arg-17 by CARM1 is a downstream target of signaling through ligand-mediated activation of FXR. Our studies provide evidence that FXR directly recruits specific chromatin modifying activity of CARM1 necessary for full potentiation of the BSEP locus in vivo.