Urinary schistosomiasis on Pemba Island: low-cost diagnosis for control in a primary health care setting.

In the 1970s and early 1980s indirect diagnosis of urinary schistosomiasis, using urinalysis reagent strips for proteinuria and haematuria, was proposed as a possible alternative to the more accurate but very time-consuming parasitological methods. The recent experience o f the Schistosomiasis Control Programme for Pemba Island, which used a combination of (1) observations o f grossly bloody urine specimens, (2) results from reagent strips for measuring haematuria, and (3) treatment with praziquantel, is the first large-scale example o f a simple, inexpensive and promising alternative for controlling the morbidity caused by this parasite.