Locally advanced thyroid cancer: therapeutic options.

The authors report on their experience in the management of thyroid cancer, with specific regard to advanced disease. Thyroid carcinomas behave differently according to: pathology, sex, age, grading and size. Differentiated lesions have a favourable outlook, while for less-differentiated tumours the prognosis is dismal. Extent of resection, lymphectomy technique and management of advanced disease remain matters of debate. Of particular interest are those neoplasms invading the upper aerodigestive tract, characterised by a worse prognosis in the case of differentiated tumours (1-6%), indicating an exceedingly aggressive behaviour in what is usually a slowly evolving disease. Surgery, with a curative intent or for palliation, is mandatory. The tumour progressively invades the tracheal lumen and is seldom manageable by alternative, non-surgical methods, and in any case only for short periods of time. Total thyroidectomy with tracheal resection and anastomosis is the surgical technique of choice and, when combined with radiometabolic therapy and/or external radiotherapy, yields survival data comparable with those relating to less advanced differentiated lesions. Tracheal stents and tracheotomy improve the quality of life. Laser therapy is indicated in cases of asphyxia, and as a preliminary step with a view to subsequent radical or palliative treatments.