Immunoinflammatory responses and fibrogenesis.

In response to injury, tissues adjacent to the damaged area initiate a cascade of inflammatory and matrix remodeling events that are necessary to restore tissue integrity and function. The typical features of such healing effects in adult mammals are deposition of matrix proteins, which mature to scar tissues. In general, the wound healing response demonstrates certain commonalities across organs, but there are also organ-specific mechanisms. Such organ-specific controlled healing and uncontrolled tissue scarring are partly determined by the bioactivities of resident cells and local microenvironments, which are influenced by multiple factors, including the presence of specific types of cytokines (Th1 and Th2), chemokines, growth factors, cell-cell interaction, and reorganization of matrix proteins. In this article, we briefly present the relevance of Th1 and Th2 responses and the significance of interactions between matrix-producing cells and inflammatory cells during granuloma tissue and scar tissue formation.