Review of radiofrequency ablation for renal cell carcinoma.

This review will discuss how minimally invasive, image-guided radiofrequency (RF) tumor ablation [i.e., coagulating tumor using short-duration heating (<15 minutes) by directly applying temperatures >50 degrees C via needle electrodes] is being incorporated as a clinical tool for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma. RF ablation has been used to treat focal liver tumors. Potential benefits of this thermal therapy include reduced morbidity and mortality compared with standard surgical resection and the ability to treat nonsurgical patients. More recently, this technique has been introduced to treat focal renal tumors, particularly incidental lesions smaller than 3 cm in elderly patients and those with comorbid conditions. Other uses have included treatment in patients with von Hippel-Lindau syndrome and other diseases that predispose patients to multiple renal carcinomas, where renal parenchymal preservation is desired. Techniques, complications, and results will be discussed. Additionally, strategies that we are currently studying to improve RF outcomes and enable the potential treatment of larger tumors will be addressed. Most notably, recent data on increased coagulation achieved by combining RF ablation with antivascular/antiangiogenic therapies, such as arsenic trioxide, that reduce blood flow and promote heat retention are provided.