OBJECTIVE: The present study evaluates whether smoking status modifies the association between chronic bronchitis and depression or anxiety in a population-based sample. Furthermore, we tested whether these associations are different in people without any respiratory complaints and those with asthma. METHODS: For this study, we used cross-sectional data form the Maastricht Cohort Study, a population-based cohort study among Dutch employees. RESULTS: In total, 7482 employees completed and returned the questionnaire (92.7%). In employees with chronic bronchitis, the prevalence of depression and anxiety was significantly higher compared with healthy employees and employees with asthma. Results indicate that the odds of having comorbid depression or anxiety for employees with chronic bronchitis compared with healthy employees is highest in current and past smokers, indicating that smoking status modifies this association. CONCLUSION: Chronic bronchitis is strongly associated with depression and anxiety. Because depression and/or anxiety may not only interfere with an attempt to stop smoking but also contribute significantly to experiencing low quality of life, it is important to consider these disorders and chronic bronchitis as different disease entities. Prospective longitudinal studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the association among chronic bronchitis, psychiatric disorders, and cigarette smoking.
OBJECTIVE: The present study evaluates whether smoking status modifies the association between chronic bronchitis and depression or anxiety in a population-based sample. Furthermore, we tested whether these associations are different in people without any respiratory complaints and those with asthma. METHODS: For this study, we used cross-sectional data form the Maastricht Cohort Study, a population-based cohort study among Dutch employees. RESULTS: In total, 7482 employees completed and returned the questionnaire (92.7%). In employees with chronic bronchitis, the prevalence of depression and anxiety was significantly higher compared with healthy employees and employees with asthma. Results indicate that the odds of having comorbid depression or anxiety for employees with chronic bronchitis compared with healthy employees is highest in current and past smokers, indicating that smoking status modifies this association. CONCLUSION:Chronic bronchitis is strongly associated with depression and anxiety. Because depression and/or anxiety may not only interfere with an attempt to stop smoking but also contribute significantly to experiencing low quality of life, it is important to consider these disorders and chronic bronchitis as different disease entities. Prospective longitudinal studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the association among chronic bronchitis, psychiatric disorders, and cigarette smoking.
Authors: Ki Uk Kim; Hye-Kyung Park; Hee Young Jung; Jong-Joon Ahn; Eunsoo Moon; Yun Seong Kim; Min Ki Lee; Haejung Lee Journal: Lung Date: 2014-01-07 Impact factor: 2.584
Authors: Theodore A Omachi; Patricia P Katz; Edward H Yelin; Steven E Gregorich; Carlos Iribarren; Paul D Blanc; Mark D Eisner Journal: Am J Med Date: 2009-08 Impact factor: 4.965
Authors: Janet Maurer; Venkata Rebbapragada; Soo Borson; Roger Goldstein; Mark E Kunik; Abebaw M Yohannes; Nicola A Hanania Journal: Chest Date: 2008-10 Impact factor: 9.410