Dopamine in vivo inhibits VEGF-induced phosphorylation of VEGFR-2, MAPK, and focal adhesion kinase in endothelial cells.

Vascular permeability factor (VPF)/VEGF is a potent multifunctional cytokine and growth factor that has critical roles in vasculogenesis and in both physiological and pathological angiogenesis. Because it has been recently shown that the neurotransmitter dopamine at pharmacological dose can inhibit VEGF/VPF-mediated microvascular permeability, proliferation, and migration of endothelial cells in vitro, we therefore hypothesized that endogenous dopamine may regulate the actions of VPF/VEGF in vivo. We report that VPF/VEGF-induced phosphorylation of VEGF receptor 2, focal adhesion kinase, and MAPK in the endothelial cells is strikingly increased in both dopamine-depleted and dopamine D(2) receptor knockout mice compared with normal controls, thereby indicating that endogenous dopamine regulate these critical signaling cascades required for the in vivo endothelial functions of VPF/VEGF. Together, these observations provide new mechanistic insight into the dopamine-mediated inhibition of the activities of VPF/VEGF and suggest that endogenous neurotransmitter dopamine might be an important physiological regulator of VPF/VEGF activities in vivo.